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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lim</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Литье и металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-6065</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2414-0406</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BNTU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21122/1683-6065-2024-4-99-108</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lim-3747</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Материаловедение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Science of materials</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Моделирование внутреннего строения шаровидного включения графита в высокопрочном чугуне и его поведения при нагружении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling of the internal structure of a spherical graphite inclusion in ductile cast iron and its behavior under loading</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Покровский</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokrovsky</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">art@phti.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рафальский</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rafalski</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk, 24, Ya. Kolasa str.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лущик</surname><given-names>П. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lushchyk</surname><given-names>P. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk, 24, Ya. Kolasa str.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Физико‑технический институт НАН Беларуси</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Physical‑Тechnical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно‑технологический парк БНТУ «Политехник»</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific and technological park of BNTU «Polytechnic»</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-3"><institution>Scientific and technological park of BNTU «Polytechnic»</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>108</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Покровский А.И., Рафальский И.В., Лущик П.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Покровский А.И., Рафальский И.В., Лущик П.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pokrovsky A.I., Rafalski I.V., Lushchyk P.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lim.bntu.by/jour/article/view/3747">https://lim.bntu.by/jour/article/view/3747</self-uri><abstract><p>Целью работы является построение методом конечных элементов модели шаровидного включения графита в высокопрочном чугуне, моделирование процесса его разрушения при двустороннем сжатии и верификация моделей при проведении экспериментов по сжатию.</p><p>Построены трехмерная модель шаровидного включения графита в высокопрочном чугуне, а также конечноэлементная модель, которая включает в себя более миллиона конечных элементов. При построении модели основывались на предположении, что в центре включения графита находится микроскопическая инородная шарообразная частица. По одной из версий она представляет собой сложную комбинацию оксидов, сульфидов и оксисульфидов, причем наружный слой частицы когерентен с решеткой графита; по другой версии – это частица кремнистого феррита, которая обрамлена графитом, имеющим поликристаллическое секторальное строение в виде пирамидальных структур с вершинами, расходящимися от центра частицы. В основании пирамид находятся пяти и шестиугольники. Каждый сегмент пирамиды включает в себя множество графитных пластин, расположенных параллельно и наслаивающихся друг на друга.</p><p>Численное моделирование двухосной (четырехсторонней) деформации шаровидного включения графита с использованием программы Ansys показало, что центральный зародыш не деформируется и не разрушается; напряжения в нем не превышают 53 МПа. Разрушение вначале происходит по границам графитовых пирамидальных структур, а на определенных этапах и сами они разрушаются. В продольном сечении заметно также смещение графитных плоскостей внутри пирамид. Напряжения в различных частях пирамидальных структур различаются на порядок и варьируются от 14 МПа (в основном в центральной части) до 192 МПа (на краях графитного включения).</p><p>Для верификации компьютерных моделей были проведены эксперименты на сжатие образцов высокопрочного чугуна при комнатной температуре на разрывной машине. Исследования с помощью РЭМ подтвердили секторально-пирамидальное строение включения графита с наличием внутри пирамид параллельных плоскостей. Экспериментально доказано, что, начиная с определенной нагрузки, происходит полное разрушение составляющих пирамиду пакетов из графитных плоскостей.</p><p>Результаты моделирования четырехстороннего сжатия адекватно описывает поведение шаровидного включения графита. В дальнейшем полученные результаты будут использованы для сравнения поведения графита при высокотемпературной (900–1000 °C) деформации чугуна методом выдавливания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The goal of this work is to develop a finite element model of a spherical graphite inclusion in ductile cast iron, modeling the process of its destruction under bilateral compression and verification of models by performing compression experiments.</p><sec><title>A three‑dimensional model of a spherical graphite inclusion in ductile cast iron is developed and a finite element model that includes more than one million finite elements. It is constructed based on the assumption that in the center of the graphite inclusion there is a microscopic foreign spherical particle. According to one of the versions, it is a complex combination of oxides, sulfides and oxysulphides, the outer layer of this particle being coherent with the graphite lattice; according to another version, it is a particle of siliceous ferrite. This particle is framed by graphite, which has a polycrystalline sectoral structure in the form of pyramids with vertices diverging from the center of the particle; at the base of the pyramids are pentagons and hexagons. Each segment of the pyramid includes many graphite plates arranged parallel and layered on top of each other.</title><p>Numerical modeling of biaxial (quadrilateral) deformation of spherical graphite inclusion was carried out using the Ansys program. It is shown that the central particle is not deformed nor destroyed; the stresses in it do not exceed 53 MPa. It is demonstrated that destruction initially occurs along the boundaries of graphite pyramids, and at certain stages they are destroyed. In the longitudinal section, the displacement of the graphite planes inside the pyramids is also noticeable. The stresses in different parts of the pyramids differ by an order of magnitude and range from 14 MPa (mainly in the central part) to 192 MPa (at the edges of the graphite inclusion).</p><p>To verify the computer models, experiments were performed on the compression of ductile cast iron samples at a room temperature using a tensile testing machine. SEM studies have confirmed the sector‑pyramidal structure of a graphite inclusion with the presence of parallel planes inside the pyramids. It has been shown experimentally that, starting from a certain load, complete destruction of the pyramid‑shaped packets of graphite planes occurs. The results of modeling of quadrilateral compression adequately describe the behavior of a spherical graphite inclusion. In future, the obtained results will be used for comparison with the behavior of graphite at high‑temperature (900–1000 °C) deformation of cast iron.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>высокопрочный чугун</kwd><kwd>моделирование</kwd><kwd>шаровидный графит</kwd><kwd>внутреннее строение включения</kwd><kwd>нагружение</kwd><kwd>разрушение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ductile cast iron</kwd><kwd>casting</kwd><kwd>modeling</kwd><kwd>spheroidal graphite</kwd><kwd>internal structure of inclusion</kwd><kwd>loading</kwd><kwd>fracture.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в ФТИ НАН Беларуси и научно‑технологическом парке БНТУ «Политехник» (г. Минск, Беларусь) в рамках задания № 2.01 ГПНИ «Металлургия».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Верховлюк, А. М. 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