The formation of defects in the manufacturing of castings is influenced by numerous factors. These factors can affect the quality both individually and in combination. This article provides a characterization of the defects encountered in high‑pressure die casting and identifies the factors influencing their formation. Effective measures are examined to reduce casting defects, which are recommended for obtaining critical and highly demanding castings with stringent surface requirements after mechanical processing.

The use of automated high‑pressure die casting complexes in production has a positive impact on the quality of castings, eliminating many of the potential causes of defects related to human factors.

The article discusses the tasks of the development of foundry production at the present stage, the issues of its energy efficiency, material consumption and environmental friendliness. It is shown that advanced achievements in the field of foundry technologies, purification of dust and gas emissions, recycling of secondary energy resources (SER), recycling of metals, regeneration of materials, processing and use of man‑made waste, allow us to talk about a modern foundry as a model of energy‑efficient, environmentally neutral production of the future.

It is shown that eutectoid reactions of binary alloys are nanostructural processes. The main phase, which decays during the eutectoid reaction, is formed during the crystallization of a metal melt of eutectoid composition. This process is nanostructured. In it, the main elements of microcrystals are the nanocrystals of the alloy components. During the eutectoid reaction, the microcrystals of the main phase disintegrate into nanocrystals. Microcrystals of the other two phases are formed from them.

The article describes technological solutions for casting blanks for containers for transportation of nuclear waste. As examples, calculations of external refrigerators are proposed to solve the issues of directional crystallization of the casting. Calculation of optimization of shrinkage processes is given. Specifically, the actual example shows a picture of the effect of shrinkage during the casting and cooling of the workpiece on the quality and density of the resulting casting material.

The article analyzes the characteristics of bentonites used in the foundry industry of the Republic of Belarus. It is concluded that GOST 28177‑89 allows one to effectively assess the quality of bentonites depending on production conditions. It has been shown, that the wet tensile strength is the most important characteristic of bentonites.

It is shown that the main modifying phases cannot serve as centers of crystallization of α‑phase microcrystals during solidification of magnesium‑manganese alloys.The superheating modification of these alloys is an adsorption‑nanostructural process. It is shown that adsorbed hydrogen acts as a modifying element of the structure of castings of magnesium‑manganese alloys. The mechanism of their modification by overheating consists of a significant decrease in the concentration of adsorbed hydrogen due to the predominance of its desorption processes from elementary magnesium and manganese nanocrystals in liquid magnesiummanganese alloys. The mechanism of modification of the main modifying phases of these alloys consists of a significant decrease in the concentration of adsorbed hydrogen in the melts through a significant decrease in the concentration of dissolved hydrogen.

It is shown that the open pores of the crystal lattices of iron, manganese, titanium, cobalt cannot contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon atoms. In solid solutions of alloys, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are present in the adsorbed state. Nitrogen atoms are mainly included in metal nitrides. Carbon atoms are found in elementary graphite nanocrystals. In solid solutions of alloys consisting of metals, their atoms are part of nanocrystals. They mainly consist of metal alloys. The formation of solid solutions of alloys is a nanostructural process.

Current paper examines the problem of low‑carbon steel producing with low silicon content, which is associated with the formation of sub‑surface bubbles during crystallization. The work results are presented.

OJSC “BSW – Management Company of Holding “BMC” produces high‑quality steel used in the automotive, railway, and oil and gas industries. The production of these steel grades involves controlling a range of quality parameters for both continuous cast and hot‑rolled steel billets to ensure the required mechanical, technological, and operational properties of the finished products. The steelmaking process aims to obtain high‑quality steel with the desired microstructure – low levels of harmful impurities and non‑metallic inclusions (hereinafter referred to as NV). This article describes the work and results obtained in the development of the technology for producing hot‑rolled grade 62PP steel, using the example of low‑hardenability carbon steel intended for the production of springs used in vehicle suspension.

Compositions for microalloying steel with boron are presented, its positive effect on the process of steel crystallization, increasing strength and toughness is shown. The feasibility of using boron‑containing ferroalloys with low boron concentrations is substantiated. The need to use complex boron‑containing alloys to neutralize nitrogen and oxygen is noted. An example of a complex alloy based on ferrosilicon and ferromanganese with boron additives, obtained using datolite concentrate, is given.

Some technical and economically effective ways of energy saving in the processes of thermal and chemical‑thermal treatment of steels are analyzed. A classification of ways to save energy by activating structural‑phase transformations in steels is proposed. The results of work on accelerating diffusion processes in steels during thermal improvement, thermal cycling treatment, thermal diffusion galvanizing, nitriding and carburization are summarized. A high potential for energy saving and increased productivity by reducing the time of thermal and chemical‑thermal treatment was noted.

To ensure the formation of the necessary microstructure of pipes made of titanium alloys of the Ti‑3Al‑2,5V type, when they are deformed at cold pilgrim rolling mills, it is necessary to provide certain deformation conditions. In particular, the deformation modes are distributed in such a way as to obtain the necessary Q‑factor distribution along the deformation cone. The purpose of this work is to determine the effect of the feed value on the Q‑factor distribution along the deformation zone during forward and reverse movements of the roll mill stand. 1Various methods of carrying out the CPT process were chosen in terms of feeding and rotating the workpiece during the double stroke of the roll mill stand. The research methods are based on known dependencies describing the effect of true deformations in the sections of the working cone on the Q‑factor in these control sections. Calibration using a mandrel with a curved shape of the working surface was chosen for the analysis. 1 Calculations were made for the case of feeding rate before the forward stroke, turning before the reverse, as well as for the case of feeding and turning in both positions of the roll mill stand. The case of mismatch of the feed size is considered, when the feed before the reverse stroke is larger than before the direct one. The methods of leveling the influence of pipe deformation features in the wall calibration zone on the formation of the necessary microstructure of pipes made of Ti‑3Al‑2.5V alloys are proposed.

The article presents the results of modeling and analysis of thermal processes during plasma spraying of Al2O3–Al composite coatings. Modeling was carried out for composite particles with spherical symmetry, taking into account the influence of phase transitions during the melting and evaporation of dissimilar materials in the aluminum‑aluminum oxide system and various particle sizes based on a mathematical model of non‑stationary thermal conductivity, taking into account internal heat sources during phase transitions. The results of studies of the microstructure of composite coatings after plasma spraying of Al2O3–Al based powders, synthesized during metallurgical processing of aluminum matrix quartz‑containing compositions, are presented.

The paper presents the results of a study of the influence of technological factors of open melting on the structure and properties of modified heat‑resistant chrome bronzes. The role of protective atmospheres and deoxidizers in the formation of the chemical composition of alloys is studied and their optimal combination is proposed, consisting in a combination of Cryolite and argon to protect the copper melt during alloying with its preliminary deoxidation with a modifier based on the composition “Cu – 10 % B”, developed and produced at a pilot production facility at the Belarusian‑Russian University. An idea of the kinetics of the dissolution process of a mechanically fused modifying ligature with a high content of an alloying component and its effect on the formation of the structure of cast materials is obtained. The optimal duration of the doping time and the base temperature, depending on the size of chromium inclusions and the state of the surface of its particles, are determined. The phase composition and physico‑mechanical properties of experimental bronzes have been studied.

It has been established that the use of a mechanically fused modifying ligature with a high content of alloying component having chromium particles close to micro‑/nanodisperse size with a non‑oxidized surface and a highly effective deoxidizer modifier reduces the temperature and duration of melting, obtaining alloys with a microcrystalline type of structure (2–5 microns) and a complex of physico‑mechanical properties not inferior to, and in terms of heat resistance superior analogues, which is confirmed by the data of production tests at JSC “Belcard” (Grodno, RB) of contact spot welding electrodes made of experimental bronzes, which are 3.8 times more resistant than those used by the plant.

The paper proposes and experimentally tests a new method of welding aluminum alloys with simultaneous magnetic‑pulse treatment (MPT) of the liquid and solidifying metal of the welding pool. The results of investigations on semi‑automatic welding of AD1N aluminum alloy with MPT of the molten pool are presented. The influence of welding and magnetic‑pulse treatment modes on the structure and physico‑mechanical properties of the weld zones is investigated. The research data is presented in the range of discharge energy variation from 250 to 500 J and pulse numbers from 23–24. The results show that the influence of the pulsed magnetic field with discharge energy of 350 and 500 J leads to an increase in material hardness. It is shown that welding with simultaneous MPT in these modes results in structure refinement and the formation of a textured zone with elongated grains at the border with the heat‑affected zone.

The results of a comprehensive assessment of working conditions on molding areas are presented, and the production factors that determine these conditions are identified. The working conditions of key professions in foundry casting are examined in comparison with regulatory values. It has been established that a comprehensive assessment of working conditions for employees on molding areas of foundry shops should take into account the equipment and manual tools used, the duration of exposure to the working equipment, the type of alloy being melted, and the nature of the production.

The results of a comprehensive assessment of working conditions for operator‑casters on automatic lines are presented, including the factors of the production environment that determine these conditions. It has been established that a comprehensive assessment of the working conditions of operator‑casters should take into account the factors of the production environment and their absolute values when performing individual technological operations in obtaining castings.

The working conditions of agricultural workers on mixing plant areas are examined, including the production factors that determine these conditions. The results of research on the parameters of the working conditions for agricultural workers are compared with the regulatory values. It has been established that a comprehensive assessment of the working conditions of agricultural workers should take into account the duration of exposure to the working equipment, the equipment and manual tools used, and the nature of the production.

It is shown that only stable particles can be elementary particles. The fundamental elementary particles are positive, negative and neutral particles of space. Photons and neutrinos are formed from them, which are elementary particles of electrons, positrons and protons. A neutral photon consists of a positive elementary particle of space, around which a negative elementary particle of space rotates. A neutrino consists of a negative elementary particle of space, around which a positive elementary particle of space rotates. An electron has a structure consisting of negative and neutral photons connected by negative elementary particles of space. The positron has a structure consisting of positive and neutral photons connected by negative elementary particles of space. A proton consists of a positively charged nucleus around which electrons rotate. The proton nucleus consists of positrons bound by neutrino particles. Atomic nuclei consist of positive and neutral protons connected by the exchange of electrons and neutrino particles. The carriers of electromagnetic interaction are positive and negative elementary particles of space. The carriers of the gravitational interaction are neutral elementary particles of space. Electromagnetic, gravitational and inertial forces are the forces of space. Space is an equilibrium system, just like the whole universe.